BS/ M.SC (MASS COMMUNICATION)
| ASSIGNMENT NO.1 |
| Semester: Autumn,2023 |
The advent of new technology has profoundly transformed the mass communication process, ushering in a new era characterized by unprecedented speed, accessibility, and interactivity. Digital advancements, including the internet, social media platforms, and mobile devices, have revolutionized how information is produced, disseminated, and consumed. The effects are multifaceted. First, new technology has democratized the creation and distribution of content, empowering individuals and smaller entities to have a voice on a global scale. This has led to a diversification of perspectives and a shift away from traditional gatekeepers. Second, the immediacy of communication has drastically shortened the news cycle, enabling real-time updates and live coverage of events. However, this speed also poses challenges, such as the spread of misinformation.
Third, interactivity has become a hallmark of modern mass communication. Audiences can actively engage with content through comments, likes, shares, and even co-creation, blurring the lines between producers and consumers. Nevertheless, this can also perpetuate echo chambers and filter bubbles, limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints. Moreover, the ubiquitous presence of smartphones and social media has raised concerns about digital addiction and its impact on face-to-face interactions. In conclusion, new technology has brought both remarkable opportunities and complex challenges to the mass communication landscape, reshaping the way information flows, influences society, and shapes our understanding of the world. New innovation has altogether affected the mass correspondence process, changing how data is made, dispersed, and consumed. Here are a few vital impacts of new innovation on mass correspondence:
Increased Reach and Accessibility: New innovation, especially the web and computerized media stages, has made mass correspondence more open to a worldwide crowd. The media landscape has become more democratized as content can now be created and shared by anyone with an internet connection. This has extended the span of mass correspondence past customary limits, taking into account different voices and points of view to be heard.
Quick and Ongoing Correspondence: With new innovation, mass correspondence has become quicker and more prompt. Real-time dissemination of news and information makes it possible for audiences to stay up to date on upcoming events. Web-based entertainment stages and cell phones have worked with immediate correspondence and commitment, permitting people to take part in conversations and offer their perspectives continuously.
Intuitiveness and Client Investment: New innovation has changed mass correspondence from a one-way cycle to a more intuitive and participatory experience. Virtual entertainment, remark areas, and online discussions empower crowds to draw in with content makers and one another, cultivating discourse, coordinated effort, and client produced content. This intuitive nature of mass correspondence has engaged crowds to play a more dynamic part in molding and co-making media content.
Customization and Personalization: Innovation has empowered customized and tweaked mass correspondence encounters. With calculations and information examination, media stages can tailor content suggestions in light of individual inclinations and interests. This permits crowds to get to content that is pertinent and interesting to them, making a more customized and designated correspondence experience.
Intermingling of Media: New innovation has worked with the combination of various types of media. Conventional news sources have consolidated advanced stages, joining text, pictures, sound, and video to make mixed media content. This union has brought about an obscuring of limits between various media channels and organizations, furnishing crowds with a more vivid and coordinated correspondence experience.
Fracture of Crowds: While new innovation has expanded availability, it has additionally prompted the fracture of crowds. With an immense range of media decisions accessible, crowds can now choose and consume content that lines up with their particular advantages and inclinations. This fracture has tested conventional broad communications models and required more designated and specialty arranged correspondence systems.
Insights into the Audience and Data Collection: New innovation has empowered the assortment of huge measures of information on crowd conduct, inclinations, and utilization designs. This information can be examined to acquire significant experiences into crowd socioeconomics, interests, and commitment levels. Media specialists can utilize this data to refine their correspondence methodologies, customize content, and target explicit crowd fragments all the more really.
In general, new technology has altered the process of mass communication, reshaping the production, distribution, and consumption of information. It has enabled crowds, worked with intuitiveness and personalization, and gave new chances to content makers. Notwithstanding, it has additionally introduced difficulties, for example, data over-burden, the spread of falsehood, and worries about protection and information security.
Impacts of new innovation on mass correspondence client, control, and correspondence hypothesis: In terms of user control and communication theory, new technology has significantly altered mass communication. How about we investigate every perspective:
The impacts of new innovations on mass communication encompass significant changes in terms of user behavior, power dynamics, and communication theories. These impacts are multifaceted, reshaping the ways individuals interact with media, altering power structures, and challenging traditional communication theories. Here’s an overview of the effects on mass communication users, power distribution, and communication theories:
User Behavior:
Empowerment and Participation: New innovations have empowered mass communication users, enabling them to actively participate in content creation, distribution, and interaction. User-generated content, social media posts, and online reviews have given individuals a platform to express their opinions and engage in conversations on a global scale.
Personalization and Customization: Technology has allowed users to tailor their media consumption experiences. Algorithms and recommendation systems suggest content based on user preferences, leading to personalized news feeds, entertainment recommendations, and advertising.
Multimedia Consumption: The integration of various media formats, such as text, images, videos, and podcasts, allows users to engage with content in diverse ways. This multimedia approach caters to different learning styles and enhances the overall user experience.
Power Distribution:
Disruption of Traditional Gatekeepers: New technology has disrupted the role of traditional media gatekeepers, such as newspapers and broadcasting networks. The rise of social media and online platforms has diminished their monopoly on information dissemination, giving rise to alternative voices and perspectives.
Decentralization of Information: The internet has decentralized the control of information distribution, shifting power from a few centralized sources to a networked environment where individuals and organizations can directly communicate with a global audience.
Influence of Social Media: Social media platforms have enabled individuals and grassroots movements to gain visibility and influence, challenging established power structures. These platforms can amplify messages rapidly, potentially leading to social change and activism.
Communication Theories:
Two-Way Communication: New technology has facilitated interactive and dynamic communication between senders and receivers. This challenges traditional one-way communication models and aligns with interactive communication theories like the transactional model.
Selective Exposure: The ability to customize media consumption has implications for communication theories like selective exposure. Users can choose content that reinforces their existing beliefs and preferences, potentially leading to filter bubbles and echo chambers.
Media Richness Theory: The integration of various media formats supports the Media Richness Theory, which suggests that the effectiveness of communication is influenced by the ability of the medium to convey cues, prompt quick feedback, and facilitate natural language.
In conclusion, new innovations in mass communication have transformed user behavior, power dynamics, and communication theories. Users are empowered and engaged, power is decentralized, and traditional communication models are reevaluated in the context of interactive and multimedia-rich environments. These shifts have reshaped the landscape of mass communication and continue to influence how individuals, organizations, and societies interact and exchange information.
Q.2 Discuss the need for and importance of theory in research. Also differentiate common sense from scientific theory.
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence, observations, experiments, and reasoning. It goes beyond a simple hypothesis by providing a comprehensive framework that explains and predicts phenomena. Scientific theories are fundamental to the scientific method and form the basis for understanding and furthering our knowledge about the world. A logical hypothesis is a clarification or a structure that depends on an assortment of proof, investigations, and perceptions. It is a very much validated and exhaustive clarification of some part of the normal world. The scientific method, which entails making observations, formulating hypotheses, carrying out experiments, and evaluating data, is the process by which scientific theories are developed. A logical hypothesis goes past a theory, which is a reasonable deduction or a proposed clarification for a particular peculiarity. A theory, on the other hand, has withstand rigorous testing and scrutiny and is supported by a substantial body of evidence. It provides a consistent and coherent framework for comprehending a specific set of natural laws or phenomena. Natural phenomena are explained and predicted with the help of scientific theories, which can be altered or improved upon in response to new evidence. They are generally acknowledged inside established researchers however are consistently liable to additional testing and refinement. The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the germ theory of disease are all examples of well-known scientific theories.
Here are some key characteristics of a scientific theory:
Supported by Evidence: A scientific theory is built upon a substantial amount of empirical evidence. This evidence comes from observations, experiments, data analysis, and other methods of scientific investigation.
Explanatory Power: A theory offers a clear and coherent explanation for a wide range of related phenomena. It provides insights into how various factors are connected and how they work together to produce certain outcomes.
Predictive Ability: A robust scientific theory is able to make accurate predictions about future observations or experiments that have not yet been conducted. These predictions are testable and can be confirmed or refuted through further investigation.
Consistency with Existing Knowledge: A theory is consistent with existing scientific knowledge and does not contradict established principles, laws, or observations. It builds upon and integrates with the existing body of scientific understanding.
Falsifiability: While a theory makes predictions that can be tested and confirmed, it is also formulated in a way that allows for the possibility of being proven wrong. In other words, there are conditions under which the theory could be shown to be false.
Subject to Revision: Scientific theories are not static or unchanging. As new evidence emerges, theories may be refined, expanded, or even replaced by more accurate and comprehensive explanations.
Supported by Peer Review: Scientific theories undergo rigorous scrutiny by the scientific community through peer review. This process involves experts evaluating the theory’s methodology, evidence, reasoning, and conclusions before it is accepted as a valid scientific explanation.
Examples of well-known scientific theories include the theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, the germ theory of disease, and the theory of plate tectonics. Each of these theories provides a comprehensive and well-supported explanation for complex phenomena and has withstood rigorous testing and scrutiny.
In essence, a scientific theory represents the pinnacle of scientific understanding for a particular area of study. It’s a culmination of research, observation, experimentation, and critical thinking that allows scientists to explain, predict, and comprehend the natural world in a systematic and coherent manner.
Points of correspondence hypothesis:
The points of correspondence hypothesis can shift contingent upon the particular viewpoint or approach taken by analysts and researchers in the field. Notwithstanding, there are a few normal overall points that are for the most part connected with correspondence hypothesis:
Correspondence hypothesis looks to comprehend how correspondence functions, how messages are made, sent, got, and deciphered. It investigates the hidden cycles engaged with human correspondence, including the jobs of people, gatherings, innovation, and social elements.
Correspondence hypothesis plans to make sense of the impacts and outcomes of correspondence on people, gatherings, and social orders. It looks at how attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social dynamics are affected by communication. This incorporates concentrating on influence, media impacts, social impact, and the effect of correspondence on connections and associations.
Foreseeing and Further developing Correspondence Results: Correspondence hypothesis expects to foster models and structures that can foresee correspondence results in various settings. It tries to give bits of knowledge and rules to compelling correspondence techniques, both in relational connections and in different expert fields like promoting, advertising, and authoritative correspondence.
Improving Relational abilities: The goal of communication theory is to help people improve their communication skills by giving them a deeper understanding of the communication process. Empathy, comprehension, and effective interpersonal communication are all part of this, as are skills in writing, speaking, and nonverbal communication.
Illuminating Correspondence Exploration and Practice: Correspondence hypothesis means to add to the assortment of information in the field of correspondence research. It gives an establishment to additional examination, investigation, and improvement of new ideas, models, and hypotheses. Furthermore, it advises commonsense applications regarding correspondence in different spaces, like news-casting, publicizing, compromise, and advanced correspondence.
Generally, the points of correspondence hypothesis rotate around understanding, making sense of, anticipating, and further developing correspondence cycles, impacts, and results in different settings.
Different progressive models
There are a few progressive models that have been created in various fields to address and grasp different frameworks and peculiarities. The following are a couple of instances of various leveled models in various disciplines:
Biological Ranging: In science, progressive models are utilized to address the association of living frameworks. The most notable various leveled model is the Linnaean characterization framework, which sorts life forms into a progressive system of progressively unambiguous gatherings, like realm, phylum, class, request, family, variety, and species. This various leveled model considers the order and classification of living creatures in view of their common qualities and transformative connections.
Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy: Proposed by Abraham Maslow, this mental model recommends that human requirements can be coordinated into a various leveled structure. As per Maslow, people are inspired to satisfy specific essential necessities (physiological requirements, wellbeing needs) prior to climbing the order to satisfy more elevated level necessities (belongingness and love needs, regard needs, self-realization). This model proposes that people take a stab at self-completion and self-improvement once their essential requirements are fulfilled.
Sprout’s Scientific classification: Blossom’s scientific classification is progressive model in training that orders various degrees of mental learning. It proposes a movement of gaining goals from lower-request thinking abilities (recollecting, understanding) to higher-request thinking abilities (applying, breaking down, assessing, making). Educators can use this hierarchical model as a framework for creating instructional activities and evaluating students’ learning outcomes.
Data Frameworks Progressive system: In software engineering and data frameworks, various leveled models are utilized to address information structures. One model is the progressive data set model, where information is coordinated in a tree-like construction with parent-kid connections. This model takes into account effective capacity and recovery of information, especially when there are one-to-numerous connections between substances.
Hierarchical Pecking order: In business and the board, progressive models address the design of an association. This incorporates levels of power, detailing connections, and the division of work inside the association. The progressive model gives an unmistakable hierarchy of leadership and works with independent direction and correspondence inside the association.
These are only a couple of instances of progressive models in different disciplines. Each model fills a particular need in addressing the construction, connections, or movement inside a specific framework or peculiarity. Various leveled models are significant devices for figuring out complex frameworks and putting together data in an organized and significant manner.
In the field of media and correspondence, there are a few progressive models that make sense of the impacts or objectives that media specialists mean to accomplish from the crowd. The following are a couple of models:
The Ordered progression of Impacts Model: This model proposes that media specialists expect to direct crowds through a progression of stages or steps prompting an ideal result or impact. The stages regularly incorporate mindfulness, information, loving, inclination, conviction, lastly, the ideal activity or conduct. Media experts endeavor to move crowds along this progressive grouping, beginning from making mindfulness and information about an item, administration, or thought, and eventually impacting conduct or independent direction.
The Elaboration Probability Model (ELM): The ELM recommends that media specialists plan to impact crowd perspectives and ways of behaving through two courses of data handling: the focal course and the fringe course. The focal course includes an elevated degree of mental elaboration and spotlights on the crowd’s dynamic handling of data and contentions. The fringe course depends on signs like feelings, source validity, and visual allure. Media specialists might target either course relying upon the particular objective they need to accomplish with their media content.
The Purposes and Satisfactions Hypothesis: This hypothesis recommends that media professionals intend to satisfy explicit necessities or satisfactions of the crowd. As indicated by this model, people effectively pick media content that fulfills their mental and social requirements, for example, data chasing, amusement, social collaboration, or individual personality articulation. Media professionals want to make content that meets these needs and keeps people interested and paying attention.
The Plan Setting Hypothesis: Media specialists frequently plan to set the plan and impact general assessment by figuring out which issues and subjects get consideration and how they are outlined. According to this theory, the audience’s perceptions of the salience and significance of issues can be influenced by the media. Media professionals attempt to influence the audience’s perceptions, attitudes, and actions regarding specific issues by highlighting some subjects and downplaying others.
Q.3 Discuss the characteristics of scientific methods of inquiry. What methods are generally used in mass communication for acquiring data. Also highlight the merits and demerits of these methods.
The scientific method of inquiry is a systematic and structured approach used by scientists to investigate natural phenomena, solve problems, and expand our understanding of the world. It encompasses a set of principles and procedures designed to ensure objectivity, reliability, and rigor in the pursuit of knowledge. Several key characteristics define the scientific method.
Firstly, empirical observation is a fundamental aspect. Scientists make observations of the natural world, gathering data through careful measurements and systematic observations. These observations serve as the foundation for forming hypotheses, which are educated guesses about the relationships between variables or explanations for observed phenomena.
Secondly, the scientific method emphasizes the importance of formulating testable hypotheses. Hypotheses must be specific and falsifiable, meaning they can be proven wrong through empirical evidence. This requirement ensures that scientific inquiry is grounded in empirical verification and is not based on untestable speculation.
Thirdly, experimentation is a crucial step in the scientific method. Scientists design experiments to manipulate variables and observe their effects. By controlling variables and using control groups, researchers can isolate causal relationships and draw conclusions based on evidence rather than assumptions.
Moreover, the scientific method involves data collection and analysis. During experiments, data is collected, recorded, and analyzed statistically to determine if the results support or refute the hypotheses. This quantitative analysis allows for objective evaluation and comparison of different hypotheses.
Peer review is another integral characteristic of the scientific method. Before research findings are published, they undergo rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. Peer review ensures that the research methods are sound, the data is accurately presented, and the conclusions are supported by evidence.
Additionally, the scientific method is self-correcting. If new evidence emerges that contradicts existing theories, scientists are open to revising their hypotheses or theories. This principle of flexibility and adaptability helps science evolve and refine its understanding over time.
Finally, communication is central to the scientific method. Scientists publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals, presenting their methods, data, and conclusions to the broader scientific community. This allows other researchers to replicate experiments, verify results, and contribute to the collective body of knowledge.
In summary, the scientific method is characterized by empirical observation, testable hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis, peer review, self-correction, and effective communication. These characteristics work in harmony to ensure that scientific inquiry is rigorous, objective, and continually advancing our understanding of the natural world.
The logical technique for request is an efficient and thorough methodology utilized in logical examination to obtain information and figuring out about the normal world. It includes a bunch of standards and qualities that guide the course of logical examination. Here are a few vital qualities of the logical technique: The logical strategy depends on exact perception, and that implies that it depends on proof got from direct perception or trial and error. To make objective observations of phenomena, scientists gather data through their senses or by utilizing instruments and tools. Objectivity and Unprejudiced nature: In their investigations, scientists strive for objectivity and impartiality. They want to reduce personal opinions and bias that could affect how data is interpreted. Logical request centers around genuine realities and proof as opposed to emotional convictions or inclinations. The logical strategy follows a precise and organized approach. Defining research questions or hypotheses, planning experiments or observational studies, collecting and evaluating data, and coming to conclusions are all part of this process. This orderly methodology guarantees that the exploration cycle is coherent, coordinated, and replicable.
Falsifiability and Testability: Logical speculations and hypotheses are formed in a manner that permits them to be tried and possibly misrepresented. A speculation ought to be explicit and quantifiable, empowering researchers to configuration trials or assemble proof that can support or reject it. Falsifiability is significant on the grounds that it energizes decisive reasoning and the refinement of logical information. Logical investigations ought to be replicable, implying that different analysts ought to have the option to lead similar tests and get comparable outcomes. Replication is vital for affirming the legitimacy and unwavering quality of logical discoveries. Furthermore, logical examination goes through thorough friend survey, where specialists in the field assess the quality, system, and decisions of a concentrate before it is distributed.
Logical information is provisional and dependent upon modification considering new proof or better clarifications. Logical hypotheses are not viewed as outright bits of insight but instead the most ideal clarifications that anyone could hope to find in light of current proof. As new data arises, speculations might be changed, refined, or even supplanted by additional thorough or exact clarifications. Nature at Large: Because scientific knowledge is cumulative, new findings and discoveries build on previous knowledge. The creation of new hypotheses and theories, the replication of studies, and the accumulation of evidence all contribute to scientific advancement. This aggregate nature takes into consideration the headway of logical grasping after some time.
These qualities all in all structure the underpinning of the logical technique, recognizing it as a dependable and powerful methodology for exploring and grasping the normal world. They contribute to scientific inquiry’s objectivity, rigor, and self-correcting nature.
What strategies are for the most part utilized in mass correspondence for securing information?
In mass correspondence research, different strategies are utilized to secure information and assemble data. The decision of technique relies upon the exploration goals, extension, assets, and the sort of information required. Here are a few usually involved techniques in mass correspondence research:
Surveys: Studies include gathering information from an example of people utilizing surveys or organized interviews. Reviews can be directed through eye to eye interviews, phone interviews, mail overviews, or online studies. They give an organized way to deal with assemble data on perspectives, feelings, ways of behaving, and segment qualities of the objective populace.
Content Examination: Content investigation includes orderly and objective assessment of media content. Analysts break down media messages, like articles, reports, commercials, or web-based entertainment posts, to recognize examples, subjects, and qualities. Media representations, framing, and trends can be better understood through content analysis.
Interviews: Interviews include direct cooperation among specialists and members to accumulate inside and out data. In mass correspondence research, meetings might incorporate organized, semi-organized, or unassuming inquiries. Meetings can be led up close and personal, via telephone, or through web-based stages, permitting specialists to investigate members’ points of view, encounters, and bits of knowledge.
Center Gatherings: Center gatherings include a little gathering of members who take part in a directed conversation drove by a mediator. This strategy permits specialists to investigate conclusions, mentalities, and discernments in a social environment. Focus groups provide insights into shared perspectives, social dynamics, and group norms regarding media and communication as well as encourage interaction.
Observational Examinations: Observational investigations include direct perception of media content, crowd conduct, or correspondence processes. Specialists might utilize procedures like substance investigation, ethnography, or member perception to accumulate information through efficient perception. Observational studies provide in-depth and contextual data on communication habits, audience reactions, and media practices.
Experiments: Tests are controlled investigations intended to test causal connections between factors. In mass correspondence research, examinations can be led to evaluate the impacts of media content, messages, or correspondence techniques on crowd mentalities, ways of behaving, or discernments. Tests include controlling autonomous factors and estimating their effect on subordinate factors.
Analyze Secondary Data: Secondary data analysis entails applying previously collected data to new or different tasks. Specialists dissect and reanalyze informational collections, overviews, or content chronicles to address new exploration questions. Auxiliary information examination is helpful for investigating long haul patterns, contrasting various populaces, or directing cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations.
In the realm of mass communication, a variety of strategies are employed to effectively convey information, influence audiences, and achieve communication goals across diverse media platforms. These strategies leverage the characteristics of different media to maximize the impact of messages. Some of the most common strategies include:
Advertising Campaigns: Advertising is a cornerstone of mass communication. Through well-crafted advertisements, organizations aim to create brand awareness, promote products or services, and persuade audiences to take specific actions. Advertising campaigns often use emotional appeals, humor, and memorable slogans to resonate with viewers.
Public Relations: Public relations strategies focus on managing an organization’s reputation and building positive relationships with stakeholders. Press releases, media events, and crisis management are some PR tactics used to shape public perceptions and maintain a favorable image.
Social Media Engagement: With the rise of social media, organizations leverage platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to engage with audiences directly. Strategies involve creating compelling content, responding to user interactions, and fostering a sense of community around the brand.
Content Marketing: Content marketing focuses on creating valuable and relevant content to attract and retain audiences. Blog posts, videos, infographics, and podcasts are used to inform, educate, and entertain while subtly promoting products or services.
Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers who have a significant online following is a popular strategy. Brands partner with influencers to reach their target audience authentically and leverage the influencer’s credibility and reach.
Storytelling: Narratives and stories are powerful tools for engaging audiences emotionally and intellectually. Brands often use storytelling to humanize their messages, connect with audiences on a personal level, and convey complex ideas in a relatable manner.
Event Sponsorship: Brands associate themselves with events that align with their values or target audience. Sponsoring events, conferences, or festivals allows brands to reach a concentrated and engaged audience while associating themselves with positive experiences.
Direct Marketing: Direct marketing involves communicating directly with individual consumers, often through channels like email marketing, direct mail, and telemarketing. This strategy aims to personalize messages and encourage direct responses.
Viral Marketing: This strategy seeks to create content that spreads rapidly and organically through online platforms. Humorous videos, memes, and challenges are designed to capture attention and encourage users to share the content with their networks.
Segmentation and Targeting: Understanding the audience’s demographics, preferences, and behaviors allows communicators to tailor messages to specific segments. Targeted messages are more likely to resonate and elicit the desired response.
Crisis Communication: This strategy focuses on managing communication during times of crisis or negative events. Quick and transparent communication helps maintain trust and credibility, even in challenging situations.
In conclusion, the strategies employed in mass communication span a wide spectrum, catering to the diverse preferences and habits of modern audiences. These strategies leverage the strengths of various media to effectively convey messages, build relationships, and achieve specific communication objectives.
Q.4 What do you know about information theory? What is meant by the concept “information” in this theory? Discuss theory in applied dorm as well.
Data hypothesis is a part of applied math and software engineering that arrangements with the evaluation, stockpiling, transmission, and handling of data. It was created by Claude Shannon in the last part of the 1940s and has since turned into a basic idea in different fields, including media communications, information pressure, cryptography, and software engineering. n
Information theory is a mathematical and conceptual framework that deals with the quantification, transmission, and processing of information. It was developed by Claude Shannon in the 1940s and has since become a fundamental field in both mathematics and communication. Information theory provides insights into how information can be efficiently encoded, transmitted, and decoded, regardless of the specific content being communicated.
Key concepts and principles of information theory include:
Entropy: Entropy is a measure of the uncertainty or randomness associated with a set of possible outcomes. In the context of information theory, it quantifies the average amount of information contained in a message or event. A higher level of entropy indicates higher uncertainty or unpredictability.
Information Content: Information content is the amount of surprise or reduction in uncertainty associated with receiving a specific message. Messages that are less probable carry more information, as they provide more surprise when received.
Source Coding Theorem: This theorem, also known as Shannon’s first theorem, states that it is possible to encode a message into a binary code (sequence of 0s and 1s) in a way that minimizes the average length of the code. Efficient encoding is achieved when the length of the code is close to the entropy of the source.
Channel Capacity: Channel capacity is the maximum rate at which information can be reliably transmitted through a communication channel without errors. It depends on the characteristics of the channel, such as noise and bandwidth. The channel capacity is a fundamental limit on how much information can be transmitted.
Noise and Redundancy: Noise refers to any random disturbances or errors that can corrupt the transmission of information. Redundancy involves adding extra information to the message to help detect and correct errors caused by noise.
Mutual Information: Mutual information quantifies the amount of information that one random variable contains about another random variable. It measures the reduction in uncertainty about one variable when the other variable is known.
Coding Theory: Coding theory involves designing error-detecting and error-correcting codes to ensure reliable transmission of information over noisy communication channels. These codes add redundancy to the original message to detect and correct errors.
Data Compression: Information theory provides insights into data compression techniques, which reduce the amount of space required to store or transmit data. Efficient compression methods exploit redundancies in the data to achieve higher compression ratios.
Information theory has applications in various fields, including telecommunications, data compression, cryptography, and even biology (in the context of genetics and DNA sequencing). It forms the theoretical foundation for understanding how information is processed, transmitted, and protected in modern communication systems.
Content Point of View: Data alludes to the real happy or messages that are scattered through broad communications channels. It incorporates news reports, include articles, narratives, commercials, amusement programs, and different types of media content. The data might be genuine, powerful, engaging, or a blend of these components.
Media Impacts Viewpoint: Data is likewise concentrated on with regards to its effect on the crowd. Mass correspondence research analyzes what the data passed on through media means for people’s perspectives, convictions, ways of behaving, information, and discernments. It investigates the impacts of data openness on different results, for example, plan setting, outlining, development, influence, or social impact.
Perspective on Information Processing: This point of view focuses on how people process, interpret, process, and make sense of the information they get from the media. When people engage with media messages, it takes into account cognitive processes like attention, comprehension, retention, and selective exposure. Data handling hypothesis investigates factors that influence people’s gathering and understanding of media data.
Data Society Point of view: With regards to a carefully associated world, the idea of data grows to incorporate more extensive parts of data access, sharing, and cooperation. It envelops the accessibility and openness of data in the computerized age, the effect of computerized advancements on data spread, and the job of people as makers and shoppers of data in an organized society.
The content of media messages, their effects on individuals and society, the cognitive processes involved in information reception, and the broader dynamics of the information society are all included in the multidimensional concept of information in mass communication. An essential idea underlies the investigation of broad communications, crowd conduct, media impacts, and the developing media scene.
Talk about hypothesis in applied structure too.
Hypothesis, in its applied structure, alludes to the reasonable application and execution of hypothetical information to tackle certifiable issues or address explicit difficulties. While hypothetical information gives a theoretical structure and comprehension of standards, applied hypothesis centers around using that information to accomplish useful results or results.
Applied hypothesis includes taking theoretical ideas, models, or standards from a specific field of study and applying them to genuine circumstances. It overcomes any issues among hypothesis and work on, permitting analysts, experts, and specialists to make an interpretation of hypothetical experiences into significant techniques, mediations, or arrangements.
Here are a few critical parts of applied hypothesis:
Problem-Solving: The need to address specific issues or solve specific problems is frequently the driving force behind applied theory. It intends to give viable direction or arrangements in view of hypothetical bits of knowledge. Applied hypothesis thinks about the unique circumstance, imperatives, and intricacies of certifiable circumstances to foster techniques that can really handle the recognized issues.
Contextualization: Applied hypothesis perceives the significance of understanding the particular setting and climate where it is being applied. It considers the one of a kind qualities, elements, and variables that impact what is happening within reach. By taking into account the unique circumstance, applied hypothesis can be customized to fit the particular necessities and prerequisites of the circumstance, upgrading its significance and viability.
Integration: Applied hypothesis frequently includes coordinating numerous speculations, ideas, or approaches from various teaches or fields of study. It acknowledges that real-world issues frequently call for an all-encompassing and multidisciplinary perspective because of their complexity and complexity. By incorporating hypotheses and ideas, applied hypothesis can give a more comprehensive comprehension of the issue and deal more vigorous arrangements.
Application in Practice: Applied hypothesis centers around the pragmatic execution of hypothetical information. It aims to make concrete steps, strategies, or interventions that can be used in real-world situations out of abstract ideas. Applied hypothesis thinks about the plausibility, reasonableness, and manageability of proposed arrangements, guaranteeing that they can be successfully applied and have substantial effects.
Assessment and Input: Applied hypothesis stresses the significance of assessment and input to evaluate the viability and effect of applied procedures or intercessions. It includes gathering information, estimating results, and dissecting results to decide if the applied hypothesis has accomplished the ideal targets. Assessment and criticism give significant bits of knowledge to refining and working on the applied hypothesis in resulting cycles.
Persistent Learning and Transformation: Applied hypothesis perceives that genuine circumstances are dynamic and consistently evolving. It advances a consistent educational experience, where bits of knowledge from training illuminate the refinement and transformation regarding hypothetical structures. In order to increase the practical relevance and applicability of theoretical knowledge, applied theory encourages feedback loops, iterative approaches, and ongoing reflection.
By and large, applied hypothesis overcomes any issues among hypothesis and practice by utilizing hypothetical information to take care of pragmatic issues and address genuine difficulties. It joins calculated understanding with context oriented pertinence, pragmatic application, and consistent getting the hang of, empowering the powerful execution of hypothetical experiences in commonsense settings.
Q.5 Discuss Osgood’s model, Schramm’s model and Westley-Maclean’s model.
Osgood’s Model of Communication, Schramm’s Model of Communication, and Westley-MacLean’s Model of Communication are three prominent theoretical frameworks that provide insights into the complex process of communication. Each model offers a unique perspective on how messages are exchanged, interpreted, and understood between individuals or groups. Here’s an overview of these models:
Osgood’s Model of Communication:
Osgood’s model, also known as the Osgood-Schramm model, was developed by Charles E. Osgood and Wilbur Schramm. It is based on the concept of encoding and decoding, highlighting the roles of sender and receiver in the communication process. The model consists of three key components:
Source: The sender who encodes a message by selecting symbols (words, images, etc.) to convey their intended meaning.
Message: The encoded symbols that carry the sender’s intended meaning. The message is transmitted through a communication channel.
Receiver: The recipient of the message who decodes the symbols to interpret the sender’s intended meaning.
This model emphasizes the importance of shared meaning and understanding between the sender and receiver. It also recognizes the influence of external factors, known as noise, that can disrupt the communication process.
Schramm’s Model of Communication:
Developed by Wilbur Schramm, Schramm’s model builds upon Osgood’s model by introducing the concept of feedback. This model reflects the interactive nature of communication and accounts for the receiver’s response. Schramm’s model includes the following elements:
Encoder-Decoder: Similar to Osgood’s model, this represents the sender and receiver who encode and decode messages.
Message: The encoded symbols representing the sender’s intended meaning.
Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted.
Feedback: The receiver’s response to the message, completing the communication loop. Feedback provides information about the effectiveness of the message and helps in refining communication.
Field of Experience: The individual’s background, beliefs, culture, and experiences that influence how messages are interpreted.
Schramm’s model emphasizes the reciprocity between sender and receiver and acknowledges the role of context and shared experiences in communication.
Westley-MacLean’s Model of Communication:
Developed by Bruce H. Westley and Malcolm S. MacLean, this model focuses on the role of communication in maintaining and changing relationships. It is particularly applicable to the field of journalism and media studies. The model consists of three main components:
Source: The originator of the message, which may be an individual or an organization.
Message: The content being communicated, including both the explicit content and the underlying context.
Receiver: The recipient of the message, who interprets the message based on their own background, experiences, and relationship with the source.
Westley-MacLean’s model introduces the concept of gatekeepers, who are individuals or organizations that control the flow of information in the communication process. These gatekeepers determine which messages are allowed to reach the larger audience.
In summary, Osgood’s Model, Schramm’s Model, and Westley-MacLean’s Model offer distinct perspectives on the communication process. Osgood’s model emphasizes shared meaning, Schramm’s model introduces feedback, and Westley-MacLean’s model focuses on relationships and gatekeeping. Each model contributes to our understanding of how messages are exchanged, interpreted, and influenced within various contexts.
Osgood’s model features the intelligent idea of correspondence, where the jobs of the source and collector can exchange. It emphasizes the significance of feedback in determining the level of communication effectiveness and achieving mutual comprehension. The model acknowledges that the communication process is shaped by noise and context.
Schramm’s Communication Model: Schramm’s model, created by Wilbur Schramm, expands upon past correspondence models and integrates the idea of shared significance and area of involvement.
Schramm’s model puts major areas of strength for an on the thought of shared significance. It proposes that compelling correspondence happens when the message decoded by the beneficiary lines up with the message planned by the source. It additionally accentuates that both the source and collector bring their own area of involvement, information, and inclinations that impact the translation and comprehension of the message.
Not at all like Osgood’s model, Schramm’s model doesn’t unequivocally incorporate clamor or setting as discrete parts. In any case, it perceives that clamor and logical elements can affect the correspondence cycle by influencing the encoding, disentangling, or transmission of the message. Both Osgood’s model and Schramm’s model give significant structures to grasping the powerful idea of correspondence and the variables that impact the viability of the cycle. They feature the significance of criticism, shared importance, and logical elements in accomplishing effective correspondence results.
The model proposes that correspondence is certainly not a straight interaction but instead a recurrent one. It acknowledges the significance of feedback in shaping subsequent messages and ensuring efficient communication. Feedback can inform the source about how the recipient understood, interpreted, and responded to the message, allowing for subsequent communication adjustments. Additionally, the Westley-MacLean model emphasizes the significance of the destination, also known as the broader context in which communication takes place. It recognizes that correspondence happens inside an intricate framework, and the climate impacts the viability and significance of the message. By and large, the Westley-MacLean model gives an all encompassing perspective on correspondence as a continuous, intelligent, and logically installed process. It stresses the job of criticism, perceives the impact of clamor, and highlights the meaning of the objective or more extensive setting in molding correspondence results.
The concepts of Osgood’s Model, Schramm’s Model, and Westley-MacLean’s Model with an example related to a television news broadcast:
Scenario: Television News Broadcast
Osgood’s Model: In this scenario, Osgood’s Model can be applied to a news anchor delivering a report on a recent natural disaster. The news anchor encodes the information about the disaster into spoken words and images, which are transmitted through the television channel. Viewers, the receivers, decode the message by interpreting the anchor’s words and visuals. However, noise in the form of technical glitches or distractions can interfere with the viewers’ understanding of the message.
Schramm’s Model: Schramm’s Model adds the concept of feedback to the scenario. After watching the news report, viewers might respond by sending emails or posting comments on social media platforms. This feedback loop completes the communication process. The news station can analyze this feedback to gauge the effectiveness of their message and make adjustments accordingly. For instance, if viewers express confusion or disagreement, the news station might consider providing more context or clarifications in subsequent broadcasts.
Westley-MacLean’s Model: Westley-MacLean’s Model focuses on the relationship between the news station and the viewers. In this case, the news station acts as the source, producing and disseminating news content. The news anchor, who selects and presents the news, serves as the gatekeeper who decides what information to include in the broadcast. The viewers, as receivers, interpret the news based on their personal backgrounds and experiences. The news station’s decisions about which stories to cover and how to present them influence the viewers’ perceptions of the news organization’s credibility and bias.
In summary, in the context of a television news broadcast, Osgood’s Model highlights encoding and decoding of information, Schramm’s Model emphasizes the feedback loop between sender and receiver, and Westley-MacLean’s Model underscores the role of gatekeepers and the relationship between news organizations and their audiences. Each model offers a distinct perspective on the communication process involved in delivering news to the public.
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